Speculators of multinational

In the absence of a serious antitrust action against the Four Horsemen (Exxon-Mobil, Chevron-Texaco, BP Amoco and Royal Dutch / Shell) and / or a crackdown CFTC to speculators at Goldman Sachs, the veiled attempt by the cartel Federal Reserve to inflate the global economy shedding free money to the bankers, will continue unabated.
OPEC headquarters ViennaIl first known attempt of trust oil to stifle competition came in 1928, when Sir John Cadman of BP, Sir Henry Deterding of RD / Shell, Walter Teagle of Exxon and William Mellon of Gulf met in the castle of Cadman near Achnacarry, Scotland. Here an agreement was reached that would divide the world's reserves and oil markets. The agreement Achnacarry became known to insiders in the oil industry as the Agreement because its aim was to maintain the status quo in which the Four Horsemen controlled the world's oil through market share agreements, sharing of refining and storage, and by agreeing to limit production to keep prices high. [263] Big Oil signed three more agreements in the next six years. In 1930, the Memorandum of Understanding for European Markets was followed in 1932 by the framework agreement for the distribution and in 1934 the draft memorandum on principles.
Between 1931 and 1933 the Four Horsemen ruthlessly reduced the price for East Texas crude from $ 0.98 a barrel to 0.10. Many independent Texas were expelled from the market. Those who remained were forced to accept strict production quotas under threat of being ruined by the majors, units that still exist today. They are used to keep the United States dependent on Persian Gulf oil, where Big Oil dominates, and to hold off the challenges of independents to their hegemony. In addition, thousands of fired oil workers in the United States, in Texas and Louisiana. During the Second World War, the Four Horsemen showed their true colors, when Exxon and Texaco collaborated with the Nazi IG Farben agreeing the supply of oil to the military machine of Hitler. Sir Henry Deterding, who ran the RD / Shell, was even more clear in his support for the Nazis. After the war, the four horsemen focused on the Middle East, where the sign was acting under the names of Iranian Consortium, Iraqi Petroleum Company and Aramco. With the rise of OPEC producers' cartel, the companies devised increasingly sophisticated methods to decrease the capacity of collective bargaining OPEC. The nationalist governments were destabilized, discredited and overthrown by the CIA at the behest of Big Oil. Henry Kissinger created his International Energy Agency, which the French called 'war machine'. The policy of the two pillars of the GCC Nixon and Reagan were both OPEC efforts to divide between rich and poor nations banking industrialized nations, with the Saudis who played the key role of saboteurs of production in both schemes. As the oil Perk George once commented on the relationship between the Four Horsemen / Saudis, "The oil markets are not free markets. The officials of the oil companies, corrupt officials of Saudi Arabia. Just try to make a correction to the market. "
After the Gulf War, King Hussein of Jordan said the Saudi role in decreasing the bargaining power of OPEC, "In essence, the long-submerged resentment of the majority of the Arabs toward the Saudis came out of the bottle. They buy everything annoys, technology, security, ideas, people, respectability ... the Arab people say that the United States and Saudi Arabia are indistinguishable, and conclude from this that the Saudis support Israel. The Saudis have no shame? "Emerged with the OPEC embargo of 1973 decided to obtain solutions that would lead to the reduction of dependence on the West Regional, getting the hard currency needed to operate in the global economy. The 1972 Arab summit in Khartoum, Sudan, which ended the first war between North and South Yemen, he invited the rich Gulf emirates to divert their petrodollars from the good western development programs for poor countries. The hawks of the price for the industrialization of OPEC formed the front of firmness and strength, consisting of Iraq, Libya, Algeria, South Yemen, Syria and the PLO. OPEC issued a solemn statement that included a new international economic order more just and equitable. This led to the Conference on International Economic Cooperation in Paris, where 19 countries in the developing of the G-77 met their counterparts in the G-7 to discuss the creation of a more just global economic landscape. At the summit, the leaders of OPEC in Algeria led a political bloc called the Non-Aligned Movement for Solidarity of the South, which called for the transfer of the oil wealth of OPEC nations in the developing world. But the IEA Kissinger showed up in Paris, asking that the conference will concentrate exclusively on energy, without any connection to the larger issue of economic injustice globally. The IEA was dominated by international bankers who deplored the idea that OPEC petrodollars would help the world's poor. The bankers wanted this large reserve of money was invested in Western banks, spending on military equipment of the United States and made ​​available to the CIA covert operations to protect their corporations.
The front of firmness and resistance he met in Damascus in 1979 to plot strategy to stop the Camp David peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, the Saudis and the United States had firmly supported. The hawks of the price they knew that Israel served the interests of the Four Horsemen in the region. They feared the further division within OPEC if this first Arab peace treaty with Israel was signed. But the United States offered massive military aid to Egypt and agreements were signed as a result of an intense effort of the United States, led by former Bechtel executive Philip Habib. The agreements, together with the creation of the GCC in 1981, followed the objectives of the war machine of Kissinger. Adding insult to injury, the following year the IMF was officially created. The IMF is the agency to support and collection of international bankers, that Kissinger is, to put pressure on indebted Third World nations to open their economies to multinational corporations owned by the banks. Usurping the oil wealth of OPEC, the G-77 figured to use to develop the Third World, the bankers now had the audacity to pay these petrodollars in the South at exorbitant interest rates, plunging the impoverished nations in the continuous cycle of debt. Most of these loans constituted the operations of tax-exempt corporations or ended up in the pockets of the elites of these countries, which were then disappear the money through banks like BCCI. The workers of the Third World were left to pay off debts that they had never even received. Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez, once called this charade of the IMF, "economic totalitarianism." In 2001, when the Argentine government was forced to default on $ 132 billion "due" to the bankers, the IMF canceled a bailout package when Argentina refused to accept its draconian conditions; Finance Minister of the country Domingo Cavallo called the IMF "vampire internationally." [264] Cavallo resigned, as well as a series of four Presidents who refused to play the rigged game of the IMF.
A more recent trick of the Four Horsemen was to increase oil production in non-OPEC nations. In 1990, Exxon-Mobil drew 29% of its foreign oil from Angola, Oman 16% and 16% from Colombia. RD / Shell bought 19% of its foreign oil from Mexico and 17% from Yemen. Chevron-Texaco obtained 26% of its imports from Mexico. None of these nations is a member of OPEC. [265] A recent study by the American Petroleum Institute said that the growth in non-OPEC production since 1980 has eroded the influence of OPEC market. The discovery of oil in the North Sea in 1984 by Norway and Britain, further weakened the bargaining power of the hawks of the price for the industrialization of OPEC. Norway and Great Britain became a net exporter of crude oil, using that leverage to decide the world price of oil. The OPEC nations Venezuela, Iraq, Indonesia and Nigeria were particularly dependent on high oil prices given that oil exports constituted a large percentage of their total exports. In Indonesia two presidents were ousted at the time of the devaluation of the rupee in 1999, which pushed the fourth most populous nation in the world in a long period of civil unrest and economic collapse. On December 28, 1998, a Business Week article detailing the enormous deposits and petrochemical plants of Mobil in the troubled region of Aceh, North Sumatra. Indonesian troops led by President Suharto, the CIA installed to power after the coup d'état led by John Hull, who in 1964 overthrew the nationalist Sukarno government massacring the protesters right next to the facilities of Mobil. It was a moment of historical continuity. In 1882 the Aceh tribe attacked the headquarters of the RD / Shell in the same region. The Dutch colonial government suppressed the rebellion in an equally brutal. Indonesia became a desperate economic case when a consortium of banks led by Citibank American, poured money on General Ibnu Sutowo, right arm of Suharto, who controlled the purse strings of Pertamina, the state oil company. Sutowo squandered the spoils in palaces, in an aircraft fleet, a chain of hotels and a white Rolls Royce. The Indonesian Central Bank was kept unaware of the amount of its accounts. In 1974 Sutowo went to Gothenburg, Sweden, where he baptized the new supertanker Ibnu alongside friend and former CIA agent Itzhak Rappaport. Then he played golf with Arnold Palmer, Gary Player and Sam Snead. Loans from the Pertamina reached 6 billion. Add the bribes taken by dozens of Indonesian Air Force officers in the course of the 70s, to ensure contracts Lockheed through numbered accounts in Singapore, known as the Fund for the widows and orphans. [266] Indonesia is still burdened by that debt. To advise the government on financial matters were Lazard Freres, Kuhn Loeb and Warburg, and a group called The Triad. Also advised the Congo, Gabon, Sri Lanka, Panama and Turkey. In 2001, Megawati Sukarno-Putri, the daughter of the deposed president Akhmad nationalist Sukarno, was elected president of Indonesia. But it was the government for one term.
In the Creole Petroleum of Venezuela Exxon was founded by the CIA, with which it shares offices. [267] Exxon is the CIA in Venezuela. Bechtel built the Mena Grande pipeline to serve the interests of the oil Creole. Even if the country is a major supplier of crude oil in the United States, the bolivar was devalued sharply. The public frustration culminated in the recent election of populist President Hugo Chavez, critical of the four horsemen and objective of the ongoing attempts to destabilize the CIA. In 2002, the wealthy elite of the country he called a general strike, bringing Chavez to resign temporarily. Lieutenant Rockefeller insider and the Royal Bank of Canada, Gustavo Cisneros was at the center of this oligarchic whim. In the same year the ricos tried again with Chavez, but he did not yield. In Nigeria, RD / Shell and Chevron-Texaco dominate the oil industry, which produces the powerful Bonny Light crude, which is used for aviation fuels and other products of high quality. The recent political violence killed more than 10,000 people. The operations in the Niger Delta of Big Oil have been the epicenter of the violence. On 10 November 1995, the Nigerian playwright Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the protest were hanged by the military junta of General Sani Abacha, one of the Four Horsemen of the many puppets that have ruled the country. The Abacha regime had given the go-ahead for Shell drilling in Ogoni tribal lands, causing protests from a half million people who said that Shell had badly polluted their land and their water. Saro-Wiwa's family sued Shell for complicity in his death, gaining international attention. The lawsuit accused Shell of manslaughter, torture, summary executions, arbitrary arrests and detentions. The brother of Saro-Wiwa, an actor, said: "This is a classic example of the methods used by multinationals against those who challenge them. Bring the Shell in court is one of many methods of nonviolent struggle against the company's role in environmental degradation and human rights of the Ogoni. "[268] Only a month after the hangings, Shell defiantly announced their intention to embark on a project on natural gas in Nigeria by $ 3.8 billion, in tandem with the junta in Nigeria, France's Total and the Italian Agip. Nigerians they were outraged. On 4 March 1997, the protesters captured 127 employees of Shell, Shell gas stations burned and plundered and occupied oil rigs. Shell was forced to cut production in Nigeria and came under greater control group for human rights around the world. [269] In July 2002, a group of Nigerian women taken hostage employees of Chevron-Texaco and occupied structures. The day after the company's headquarters in Lagos was struck by lightning. The revolt against Big Oil in Nigeria continues.
These three cases of atrocities of the Four Horsemen in OPEC countries provide another reason why companies are switching to non-OPEC sources. Simply are no longer welcome. In 1972, OPEC produced 84.8% of the oil outside of the United States, the USSR, Eastern Europe and China. Since 1991, OPEC supplied only 60.9% of oil imports in the United States, the majority coming from the GCC states, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates. In 1989, 18% came from the Saudis. [270] The compliance of the GCC in the overproduction of oil, to keep prices low for downstream processing of the Four Horsemen, is the key to maintaining the OPEC divided. The Saudis play the key role of saboteurs of production, with 10 million barrel / day capacity ARAMCO and 261 billion barrels of oil reserves. The coastline of the GCC on the south-west of the Persian Gulf, is home to 42% of the world's oil. E 'ideal for local transport topographically low cost of crude oil from the fields to the coastal refining facilities and cargo on tankers. The giant Burgan field in Kuwait is only five kilometers from the Gulf. The flow of oil passing through the pipeline built by Bechtel, including Burgan reservoirs and storage tanks on top of the ridge al-Ahmadi, overlooking the Gulf. From there, the oil flows in tankers waiting in the harbor. [271] In 1978, the cost of pumping and transporting a barrel of crude oil in the Persian Gulf was less than a penny. [272]
It was the cheap labor of the Persian Gulf that has allowed Big Oil to shut the wells in Texas and Louisiana and move to the Gulf. The shares in the domestic production of restricting the production of independent oil companies. The independents do not have the capital or political connections to become global. In 1956-1974 the return on foreign oil has doubled, while the profitability of domestic crude oil has remained the same. [273] Big Oil imports cheap labor in the GCC countries from places such as Bangladesh, the Philippines, Yemen and Pakistan. Some of the largest independent have gone abroad but are relegated, along with the oil companies owned by the government of the Third World, the tasks of exploration and production riskier.
Meanwhile, the Four Horsemen rode greener pastures in the valley.
notes
[263] The Control of Oil. John Blair. Pantheon Books. New York. 1976 p.50
[264] BBC World News. November 2001.
[265] "Scorecards on the Oil Giants." Susan Caminiti. Fortune. 10/09/90. p.45
[266] Spooks: The Haunting of America-the Private Use of Secret Agents. Jim Hougan. William Morrow & Company, Inc. New York. 1978 p.443
[267] Ibid. p.433
[268] "Shell Sued Over Nigerian Hangings." AP. Missoulian. 11/09/96. p.A-6
[269] BBC World News. 3-24-97
[270] "Energy and Oil Blues." Brian Tokar. Z Magazine. Gennaio1991. p.14
[271] Oil, Industrialization and Development in the Gulf States. Atif Kubursi. Croom Helm. Kent, UK. 1984 p.24
[272] "A Reporter at Large: The World's Resources: Parts I-III". Richard Barnet. The New Yorker. p.26
[273] Tokar. p.22

by Dean Henderson

Dean Henderson is the author of four books: Big Oil & Their Bankers in the Persian Gulf: Four Horsemen, Eight Families & Their Global Intelligence, Narcotics & Terror Network, The Grateful Unrich: Revolution in 50 Countries, Das Kartell der Federal Reserve & Stickin 'it to the Matrix. You can subscribe for free to its weekly Left Hook.