The goods "drug" and the development of multinational giants
The United States and the United Kingdom produce 78% of the worldwide turnover of medicines. Mass production and use of new drugs and vaccines rank pharmaceutical companies in a prominent position, allowing huge profits thanks to rapid growth and sale of their products. Human health is defined as "the investment business more profitable."
In the nineties, the commercialization of gene technology has brought tremendous upheaval in the areas of seeds, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and the emergence of giants who specialize in "life sciences" such as Monsanto and the pharmaceutical company Novartis. Today, new technologies of synthetic biology are connected to a new wave of mergers, acquisitions and partnerships in the context of the economy of biomass, with the energy giants such as Dow Chemical and DuPont, Shell and Exxon. Chevron and Total have signed strategic alliances with the giants of the seed as Monsanto, Cargill, Bunge, ADM and Weyerhaeuser. At the heart of these alliances are the new businesses of synthetic biology, such as Life Technologies Inc, Amyris, Solazyme and Evolva promoted to play dominant roles in the food, energy, medicines and chemicals.
Financial Data - Profitability
Among the 500 most profitable corporations on the planet, appear in the top positions of the 10 richest pharmaceutical companies. And 'documented that their earnings exceed the sum of the profits of the remaining 490, a figure that reaches 40 billion dollars.
Each year, drug companies spent globally up to 11 billion dollars for the promotion of their products.
Spend each year - especially in so-called developed countries of the Western world - trillions of dollars and euro for new research, methods and applications in medicine that multinationals exploit in the final stages of production and distribution, in order to reap huge profits.
The 10 largest companies in the world in research and development spend about 11-14% of their income, while the distribution of their products and administrative costs amounted to approximately 35%.
The close relationship between doctors and pharmaceutical companies has a direct effect on prescription drugs. Of the 11 billion dollars that are spent every year for the promotion of their products, half is given to doctors by medical representatives. It is estimated that each year is spent an amount between 8,000 and € 13,000 per physician in all countries of the world!
The pharmaceutical companies are overloading the price of raw materials (transport services) usually in Cypriot companies with which divide the price difference.
A British multinational pharmaceutical company, while having its processing centers in India uses these centers and software by charging the same as that of all EU countries. So if a country exchanges information with another country, it will not stand the cost difference though, in many cases, the costs are 3-4 times lower.
The profits of the seven largest pharmaceutical companies in the world in 2011 and the change in profit compared to 2009
Position in the list of the 500 largest companies in the world percentage change in profits in the period 2009/2011
phizer
104
-4.4%
Novartis
164
16.6%
GSK
194
-70%
Sanofi - Aventis
187
-1.1%
Bayer
178
-8.8%
AZ
281
7.1%
Eli Lilly
423
17.1%
Profit is the sole criterion while they ignored the needs and the right of peoples to medicine
Multinationals medicine are able to control the international health care systems, can prevent the independent production and use of chemical drugs or natural, claiming "intellectual property" and the "patent" of the chemical formulas.
The European Union through the '"Free Trade Agreement" (FTA) proposed in India, seeks to inhibit the Indian generic drug companies from manufacturing drugs at extremely low prices, which aim to meet the needs of the poorest, with the pretext of the patent rights of pharmaceutical companies. The multinational pharmaceutical company Novartis applies pressure to the achievement of '"Free Trade Agreement" which states the intellectual property rights of an anticancer drug changed. A N.Delhi there have been protests against this agreement, but the Western media hide the problem.
In May 2010, thousands of diabetics in Greece were "hostage" of the company Nova Nordisk due to the withdrawal of 17 products, according to the representatives of the company, for the "drastic reduction" in prices. A few months ago, the multinational pharmaceutical companies have refused to supply hospitals with anticancer drugs unless they were paid in cash: Roche Hellas SA has suspended the supply of medicines to hospitals in Greece produced and imported exclusively by her, drugs needed to fight and treat serious diseases such as cancer (Herceptin, Avastin, Xeloda). They justified their decision citing shortcomings in terms of payment and reimbursement by hospitals.
The British company Glaxo Smith Kline and the Swiss company Roche are working with European authorities on emergency plans relating to the supply of specific drugs if Greece returned to the drachma.
Companies such as Bayer Hellas, Leo Pharma Hellas, Hellas Abbot, Novartis and Nycomed Hellas act in parallel: they have unilaterally changed for the worse, their lending policy towards pharmaceutical wholesalers, suspending the credit granted for the payment of invoices and establishing payment in cash or by remittance in advance.
The "paradise" union of multinational medicine
In May 2010, the multinational pharmaceutical companies in Greece have fired 25% of their workers. On the other hand is not paid any reduction in drug prices and no significant change in the Memorandum. Staff cuts have been made at the international level (Pfizer, Roche).
The multinational Bristol-Myers Squibb has proceeded to the dismissal of 55 workers this summer and at the same time closed the field of medicine in the greek market.
L '"humanism" and the "sensitivity"
In 1984, in Bhopal in India, toxic methyl isocyanate gas leaked from the Union Carbide factory U.S. employing local labor at low cost. 20,000 people were killed and an unknown number suffer from back then. In October of 2011, we learned that the victims who survived and who were supposed to be treated at the hospital and the research center of the Bhopal Memorial, have become unwitting "guinea pigs" on which the multinational pharmaceutical companies a sleeper their new drugs, Astra particular zeneka. His representative has publicly admitted that in diplomatic tone: "In this region of India has not been taken adequately the consent of patients." Of course, this whole process was done in exchange for money received from the hospital at the expense of unsuspecting patients. This hospital built as compensation from Union Carbide and that was supposed to give specialized assistance to victims and survivors of Bhopal for research on the long-term consequences of the accident, has conducted clinical drug trials on 215 patients unwitting victims of the disaster of 1984. According to data collected by the competent Indian authorities civil organizations: 3 patients died as a result of the test Fondaparinux (cardiology), Tigicycline (gastrointestinal surgery) and Televansin (anesthesia).
In 2008, the United Nations has "highlighted", without doing anything, the fact that multinational companies have shifted the majority of clinical trials in India for drugs for the European and American market. The powerful Union of Chambers of Commerce of India said that the country has received more than $ 1 billion in 2010, through drug trials on people compared to 200 million in 2009.
Last year, the official government of Nigeria has filed a lawsuit against the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, asking for a compensation of $ 7 billion for the testing of experimental drugs that the company has conducted 11 years ago on approximately 200 children who suffered of meningitis. The intermediaries were "Doctors Without Borders". The majority of children treated with the experimental antibiotic Trovan, presented a number of serious side effects such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, severe brain damage, and some have died.
Competition and profitability are detrimental to the quality of medicine and health. What does "economic medicine" when everything is in the hands of multinational corporations?
Five foreign companies of generic drugs, the Icelandic Actavis, Mylan and Watson the U.S., Israel's Teva and India Randaxy await the decision on the "prescription of the active principle" and the choice of the drug cheaper to enter the market generic in Greece and get a slice of the pie.
Teva is specialized in the production of drugs very cheap. It is significant that produces active ingredients at its factories in India, China, Israel, Puerto Rico and Mexico. The Israeli society itself has repeatedly expressed concerns about the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which noted in a number of cases impure substances in its factories! Inadequate controls, impurity, black particles of unknown origin, the elimination of tests with negative results and replacing them with more "convenient", inadequate scientific studies, pollution and disruption during the production of medicines, inadequate cleaning of equipment: these are just some of the results of the inspections by the FDA in the factories of Teva. In fact, the seriousness of the findings was that the U.S. authorities have proceeded with the closure of the company in Missouri, United States of America!
The improper corruption in medicine, as a result of operational activities of multinational
A senior executive of the pharmaceutical company DePuy International, a subsidiary of U.S. giant Johnson and Johnson, has admitted before a British court had "given" more than 5 million Euros to the leaders of the Greek hospitals as an "incentive" to prefer his company for orthopedic supplies. According to the same report, sales in Greece were made through the company Medec SpA and payments of bribes made to the offshore account controlled by the Madison Management Ltd. The "commission" average was 23% of the actual value of the product, but in some cases has reached 100%. As he witnessed the senior executive of the company, who was convicted in 2002 of the knee prosthesis that now proposed, costing € 4,400 to the state greek compared to 2,200 Euros for other countries of Europe.
According to the report of the newspaper "Proto Thema", the Under Secretary for Health, indicated by the Democratic Left (DIMAR) requested in its letter of 24 August 2012 to proceed "immediately" with the order of reagents for the control unit blood for WNV virus. The strange thing about this job is not only the size, reach the impressive amount of € 1.2 million, but according to the report of "Proto Thema", even more than the fact that the Under Secretary asks to assign the order to a particular multinational when there is no real reason for this provision, as the action of the Deputy Secretary had already secured 20,000 free checks from another company!
sabato 2 agosto 2014
The killers of the economy
This is an elite group of professionals whose job is to guide the modernization of the countries in the developing world towards a continuous process of debt and servitude to the interests of multinational corporations and governments world's most powerful. (left, John Perkins)
They are real professionals, not just those represented in American films, from the salary phantasmagoric, able to steal trillions of dollars in countries around the world.
The New pirates, new predators flock or, better to say, "steal" money from the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and other relevant organizations, so to speak humanitarian, to bring them together in 'speakers' of the corporation and in the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet's natural resources.
The control of strategic countries has always been the case for hundreds of years, first by colonial empires, but now electronically shifting huge amounts of money (created out of nothing by banks) from one place to another planet and plunging into debt billion people .
The methods used by the assassins are: accounting fraud, rigged elections, bribery, extortion, sex, to get to murder.
One of the tasks of the killers of the economy is to encourage world leaders to become part of a vast network that promotes the commercial interests of the United States of America only. Eventually, these leaders are trapped in a web, in a plot of debts which granted their absolute loyalty in all areas. The killers of the economy are key players involved in the construction and maintenance of the empire, called corporatocracy.
Using the tools of international finance, they have succeeded in the past, and we still can, to subdue countries in the developing world, of course, with those in the subsoil natural resources such as oil, gold, diamonds, gas and various minerals (coltan, etc..) Or those in geo-strategic positions (eg Panama).
When a hit man carries out his task at best, the loans dished out as aid or as funds necessary for the construction of major infrastructures perkins 2 (power plants, highways, bridges, hospitals, airports, or industrial parks, etc.). Come dallaBanca World and / or USAID, and enter into 'boxes' lobbies who have studied and designed this criminal strategy. How it works, believe it.
For the recipient countries of the infrastructure, ie the countries in need, not only do not get anything, but rather, the loans are so large that the debtor is forced into arrears after a short time, and when that happens, it is demanded immediate compensation to creating art the following conditions: control of the votes to the member states of the United Nations, installation of military bases and access to valuable natural resources of the multinationals. It demands the repayment of debts in the form of oil concessions.
In practice, all countries that the economic hit men have brought under the umbrella of a global empire suffered a similar fate. All with the exception of Iraq and Venezuela.
This explains why the debt of Third World countries has reached over 2000 and $ 500 billion, while the only economic interests (in 2004 there were more than 375 billion) is greater than the entire spending on health and education in twenty sometimes that helps developing countries receive every year from abroad.
What happens globalist agenda, when an assassin fails his task? Get into the game a race even more sinister and dangerous: the "jackals."
Jackals are men, mercenaries, intelligence agents who infiltrate in outbreaks of the world and push, encourage, nurture and topple the government in turn, incite riots, coups and military coups. Often mask their dirty work with strange accidents (plane, car, train), sickness or disease, killing the Heads of State and members of their entourage who do not bow to the dictates of the establishment viability of families that govern the economy world.
If the jackal fails, then come into play soldiers or generals, with the army. In this case the result is the guerra.perkins 3Esattamente what has happened in recent years in Afghanistan, Iraq under Saddam Hussein and Libya with Gaddafi. Iran and Venezuela have attempted overthrow, but fortunately no results.
Now we ask: how can a normal guy, with a simple degree, become an Economic Hit Man? History teaches us that since ancient times, empires have been built and maintained through military force and the threat, but with the end of the Soviet Union and the specter of a nuclear holocaust, the military solution has become too risky to which have been put in place other strategies, such as economic.
These strategies are simple, did not require armies, but of money and men who know how to use them. An example for all, took place in 1951 when Iran rebelled against the British oil company (now BP, British Petroleum) that exploited the natural resources and the people.
The Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq, the democratically elected by the people, the entire assets nationalized Iranian oil, sparking the ire furious England, which asked for help to the United States. Washington instead of bombs dropped one "jackal," the CIA agent, Kermit Roosevelt (grandson of President Theodore), who succeeded to the sound of money, bribery and threats to persuade a large number of people and organize riots and violent demonstrations the streets (and the same strategy applied recently in Libya and Syria). The climate, crafted, giving the impression that Mossadegh was especially unpopular and incompetent. The prime minister fell into the trap and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
At that point took power, the Shah Mohammad Reza, an ally of the United States and became the undisputed dictator for a long time, until the Revolution. This is one of the countless coups financed and orchestrated by the United States against sovereign countries. Recall, poiEcuador, Indonesia, Chile, Panama, Colombia, El Salvador, Bolivia and virtually all African ilContinente.
How is it similar historical events are not known by most people? In the United States, but does not change the discourse in Europe, NBC General Electric is the A.B.C. Walt Disney, the C.B.S. Viacom, the C.N.N.dell 'A.O.L. Time Warner, etc..
Most of the newspapers, magazines and publishing houses are owned and manipulated by giant transnational corporations. All media are part of the same corporate system that has carried out the systematic destruction of the economies of the countries in the developing world, and then convey the news only politically correct.
Do not believe us? Read confessions of John Perkins, probably for a clear conscience and a modicum of intellectual honesty, he confessed publicly writing the book entitled "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man." It 'important to remember that it is the confession of perkins 4Un man who has allowed himself to become a pawn, a hired killer, succeeding, thanks to their greed, to exploit and plunder billions of dollars to countries in difficulty, creating hundreds of millions of poor.
In his experience, Perkins tells of some states affected by this system, such as Iran: first country hit by this system. It is in this nation that was born the idea of economic hit man.
In 1951, as we have already mentioned, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. succeeds, through scams and payments, to unleash the violence of the population against the democratically elected leader Mossadeq who had nationalized the oil resources of the British multinational parent BP.
Indonesia: the hero comes to us to create an economic forecast for the construction of an electrical system that distributes energy to the nation. Panama: all the problems in this country stem from the Panama Canal and will be resolved with the intervention of the jackals against the president. In fact in the past had suffered Panama intervention by the United States and was born right through the intervention of the then warship Nashville Colombia, who refused to give the U.S. the use of the isthmus, where the canal would be born.
Saudi Arabia: here the intervention of the United States seeks to achieve investment through petrodollars to finance the reconstruction of the country.
The book, however, is very interesting, especially because it allows a greater understanding and overview, historical facts and trends of modern society, all focused on economic growth.
They succeeded, thanks to decades of propaganda, marketing and advertising more or less hidden, to convince us that it is constantly buy a civic duty and helps the economy; plunder the earth is in our own interest.
The story, unfortunately, when it is not understood, it is likely to be repeated and end in tragedy. Empires, in fact they do not last, they all failed miserably.
The current Empire, managed and controlled by the international bankers, centered in the markets and financial derivatives, now is crumbling before our eyes, giving way to a system where the center will be the man, not the god of money.
"Recognizing a problem is the first step to finding the solution, and confess a sin is the beginning of redemption ..." the Jackal says the same repentant John Perkins
guarantees for refugees
Refugees and asylum seekers fleeing persecution and war in an attempt to reach Europe through Libya, ranging in many cases meeting to torture and jail indefinitely. And 'complaint as Amnesty International in its latest report titled "Look salvation, finding fear: Refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in Libya and Malta." The report examines the journey of those who seek to reach the European Union going to meet, once in Libya and Malta, to dramatic human rights violations.
"In Libya, foreign nationals, including refugees, asylum seekers and migrants, are in a particularly vulnerable and live in constant fear of being arrested, tortured and subjected to further violations," said Malcolm Smart, Director of the program Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International. "Also, many of them are afraid of being deported to their countries of origin, without any consideration for the real risk of persecution when they return." According to the authorities in Tripoli in Libya, there are now over three million "illegal immigrants". Many come from other parts of Africa, and yet the local authorities continue to say that none of them is a refugee.
Asylum seekers living in a sort of "limbo" Disclaimer: Libya indeed has not signed the UN Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 and does not have an asylum system in place. In November, the government rejected the recommendation to ratify the Convention and sign a Memorandum of Understanding with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, to enable the latter to assist refugees and asylum seekers in Libya.
Nevertheless, in October, the European Commission signed with the Libyan authorities agenda for cooperation on migration management and border control, valid until 2013, and under which the EU will provide Libya 50 million Euros.
"The cooperation between the EU and Libya must be at the center of human rights and the sharing of responsibilities, or the fundamental principles of international protection. While looking for cooperation with Libya to counter the arrival of people from Africa, the European Union and its Member States must not close our eyes to the constant violations of human rights in Libya, "he cautioned Smart. This is why Amnesty International is calling on the European Commission and Italy calling for human rights and guarantees for refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are at the center of cooperation with Libya.
The appeal to the European Commission and Italy are online at the following address:
http://www.amnesty.it/mettere-diritti-umani-al-centro-cooperazione-con-la-Libia.
"In Libya, foreign nationals, including refugees, asylum seekers and migrants, are in a particularly vulnerable and live in constant fear of being arrested, tortured and subjected to further violations," said Malcolm Smart, Director of the program Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International. "Also, many of them are afraid of being deported to their countries of origin, without any consideration for the real risk of persecution when they return." According to the authorities in Tripoli in Libya, there are now over three million "illegal immigrants". Many come from other parts of Africa, and yet the local authorities continue to say that none of them is a refugee.
Asylum seekers living in a sort of "limbo" Disclaimer: Libya indeed has not signed the UN Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 and does not have an asylum system in place. In November, the government rejected the recommendation to ratify the Convention and sign a Memorandum of Understanding with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, to enable the latter to assist refugees and asylum seekers in Libya.
Nevertheless, in October, the European Commission signed with the Libyan authorities agenda for cooperation on migration management and border control, valid until 2013, and under which the EU will provide Libya 50 million Euros.
"The cooperation between the EU and Libya must be at the center of human rights and the sharing of responsibilities, or the fundamental principles of international protection. While looking for cooperation with Libya to counter the arrival of people from Africa, the European Union and its Member States must not close our eyes to the constant violations of human rights in Libya, "he cautioned Smart. This is why Amnesty International is calling on the European Commission and Italy calling for human rights and guarantees for refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are at the center of cooperation with Libya.
The appeal to the European Commission and Italy are online at the following address:
http://www.amnesty.it/mettere-diritti-umani-al-centro-cooperazione-con-la-Libia.
Cases of juvenile executions or torture
"They took me to a cell measuring two meters by one meter in which there were four prisoners. I was the fifth. We had to close the slit in the toilet in the cell to sleep it off, because there was no space.
On the evening of my arrival in that section, I was called for the first session of questioning. I was tortured in the "wheel" (the dulab) and beaten with a big stick of wood on the entire body.
The officer accused me of "possession of weapons" and I was beaten for nearly three hours to confess, but I never admitted anything, because I never had a weapon.
Two jailers struck me while I in turn questioned. One was called "the blond", but the other "long" and the man who questioned me was known as "Abu'l nar" (Father of the fire), one of the most brutal section.
The next day I was summoned for another interrogation. They tied my hands behind my back with a metal chain, tied her up to the ceiling and hung me to the point that his feet barely touched the floor - the method of shabah. They took off his clothes, except underwear and they beat me with a wooden stick of about 5 cm in diameter for three hours, and poured cold water on him even though it was cold. (...)
I was interrogated for the third time on 16 April, when the officers of the section had broken into my house and took away the computer on which I was working. (...)
After that I was called in for questioning 13 other times. But I was interrogated only once. The other times they did it for fun, because I was never asked any questions, they just tortured. "
Who says you Muaz Abdul Rahman, born in 1997. Age: 16 years. He was arrested on April 2 while walking the streets of Hama, his city, with a friend and was released August 6, 2013.
During his captivity Muaz has changed several detention centers, has suffered all kinds of beatings and torture, and finally was brought before the Court for terrorism. In section 215 of the Mukhabarat military Damascus has also had to endure the harassment of the other prisoners: those who are no longer, in fact, often beat other inmates in exchange for a little 'more space to sleep and better food given by captors.
The story of Muaz with all the details and photos harrowing was collected from the Documentation Centre of violations in Syria (Vdc) and widespread these days by a report of the organization that monitors the crimes committed in the country for over two years. If it is true that the majority of detainees in Syria is made up of adult men, women and children were not spared. In particular, the Vdc recorded among those arrested 997 boys and 38 girls. They were also documented 75 cases of juvenile executions or torture that led to their deaths inside prisons of the regime.
Four months after the arrest Muaz Abdul Rahman was released "for lack of evidence of the crime."
On the evening of my arrival in that section, I was called for the first session of questioning. I was tortured in the "wheel" (the dulab) and beaten with a big stick of wood on the entire body.
The officer accused me of "possession of weapons" and I was beaten for nearly three hours to confess, but I never admitted anything, because I never had a weapon.
Two jailers struck me while I in turn questioned. One was called "the blond", but the other "long" and the man who questioned me was known as "Abu'l nar" (Father of the fire), one of the most brutal section.
The next day I was summoned for another interrogation. They tied my hands behind my back with a metal chain, tied her up to the ceiling and hung me to the point that his feet barely touched the floor - the method of shabah. They took off his clothes, except underwear and they beat me with a wooden stick of about 5 cm in diameter for three hours, and poured cold water on him even though it was cold. (...)
I was interrogated for the third time on 16 April, when the officers of the section had broken into my house and took away the computer on which I was working. (...)
After that I was called in for questioning 13 other times. But I was interrogated only once. The other times they did it for fun, because I was never asked any questions, they just tortured. "
Who says you Muaz Abdul Rahman, born in 1997. Age: 16 years. He was arrested on April 2 while walking the streets of Hama, his city, with a friend and was released August 6, 2013.
During his captivity Muaz has changed several detention centers, has suffered all kinds of beatings and torture, and finally was brought before the Court for terrorism. In section 215 of the Mukhabarat military Damascus has also had to endure the harassment of the other prisoners: those who are no longer, in fact, often beat other inmates in exchange for a little 'more space to sleep and better food given by captors.
The story of Muaz with all the details and photos harrowing was collected from the Documentation Centre of violations in Syria (Vdc) and widespread these days by a report of the organization that monitors the crimes committed in the country for over two years. If it is true that the majority of detainees in Syria is made up of adult men, women and children were not spared. In particular, the Vdc recorded among those arrested 997 boys and 38 girls. They were also documented 75 cases of juvenile executions or torture that led to their deaths inside prisons of the regime.
Four months after the arrest Muaz Abdul Rahman was released "for lack of evidence of the crime."
venerdì 1 agosto 2014
The Commission of the American Cosa Nostra
After the war Castellammarese and killed the boss Salvatore Maranzano, Lucky Luciano together the heads of other Italian-American Mafia families gave body to the Commission of the American Cosa Nostra.
The idea was developed just by Luciano and Maranzano, but the boss of bosses was then betrayed and murdered and Luciano at age 34 he had become the head of one of the Five Families of New York.
In those days in the country were killed from thirty to forty old mafia leader. The new guard had taken over. The "union" was formed by the New York Mafia families and the main families of the rest of the nation.
A committee to audit the activities mafia, a place for resolving conflict, but also of dark plots, collusions, betrayals. Today the Commission shows the 5 families of New York, the more the family De Cavalcante, the Chicago Outfit, the family patriarch, the Scarfo family. From Gnosis:
Since Luciano established the first precedent, the mobsters who worked freely and in close contact with criminals and other ethnic groups and nationalities. Through traditional methods of maintaining the mafia leadership and discipline, the mafia criminal enterprises associated with criminals not Italian, they were able to put them in line. The mafiosi who had entered the era of prohibition with criminal activity limited to the Italian community, acting individually or in small groups, they found themselves at the end of Prohibition, meeting activities on a large scale, even in areas outside the Italian community, in collaboration with gangsters and criminal groups of other nationalities.
With the death of Maranzano, the strong man, the leader of castellammaresi had become Joe Bananas Bonanno (pictured) in the homonymous family had incorporated most of the former subordinates of Maranzano.
Joe Bananas, the boss who gave you the politicians and judges, and business shared power with the other four New York families: Genovese, Gambino, Colombo, Lucchese.
The interests of the Bonanno ranging from traditional criminal activities of gangs, to the clothing industry, through the food factories and undertakers.
It would have been just Bonanno to devise a way to get rid of the corpses known as "double coffin" to hide the body was hidden under a client's funeral home.
When in the 60s, Bonanno began to expand its activities in Arizona and California in the other families began in alarm, and soon there were contrasts and implications. From Narcomafie:
At the reception for the wedding of his son Salvatore and Rosalie Profaci, also the daughter of the boss, at the Hotel Astor in Manhattan there are three thousand people, including businessmen, politicians, clergymen, the editor of the newspaper Il Progresso Italo-Americano and many others. In August of '57 is in Italy for the opening of an orphanage in Sicily. Fiumicino airport received a triumphal welcome: there is also Bernardo Mattarella, he Castellammarese, Democrat and several times minister. Only in the 60s' begins its decline as a result of the revelations in Joe Valachi. Condemned by the Board of Cosa Nostra, Bonanno disappears simulating a kidnapping (31 October 1964). When the waters subside retired in Tucson, Arizona on the border with Mexico to die many years later in his bed on 11 May 2002.
Valachi was the first, in 1963, to speak publicly about the existence of the American Cosa Nostra. After telling everything to Senator John McLellan and his commission of inquiry against organized crime, published a book ("Valachi Papers"), which became a best seller.
Bonanno was later accused of plotting behind the Commission and to desire the death of some of the other families including bosses Carlo Gambino and Gaetano Lucchese. In 1964, after a mysterious escape, disguised as a kidnapping, he agreed to withdraw, to hand over the management of the family business of the Commission (for a turnover of approximately U.S. $ 2 billion per year) and moving to another country.
The boss would then secretly left the States and would have been a bit 'of time in North Africa, Tunis, and then to Haiti, before returning In the United States, in Tucson.
Joe Bananas remained quiet until 1965, when his son Salvatore, suffered an assassination attempt. Who could have an attempt on his life? The boss Castellammarese had no doubt about it: Paul Sciacca, who had replaced him at the behest of the Commission at the head of the family.
Thus began the so-called "war of Joe Bananas" Bonanno family which divided into two branches, one which supported Joseph Bonanno and the other under the command of Paul Sciacca. Shortly after it was Bonanno suffered a heart attack and retired from the scene. He died in Tucson in 2002 and was never convicted of serious crimes.
The 'man who despised the most in his life he was known as "Caco" and had a reputation at the end of 1963. Actually his name was Joe Valachi and for two months shook the American Cosa Nostra, from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific . (...) The more angry with "Caco" was just that if Joseph 'had grown almost as a son, that' he had honored with his friendship, which had offered him protection and especially dollars. A generosity reciprocated evil with a "cantata" unprecedented on the 5 "families" and in particular about him about Joseph Joseph Bonanno said Joe Bananas. It was then that the whole 'America knew of that' man d 'Affairs of Italian origin who lived in Brooklyn. He was the boss of bosses.
The mess with Joe Masseria, Lucky Luciano and the competition of Joseph Profaci (boss of the Colombo family, ed), the first money earned with racketeering and invested in the real estate market, the climb to the summit of the American Cosa Nostra. In thirty years' criminal activity in America was convicted only once, and as a textile entrepreneur: a fine of $ 40 for a violation of labor law. He fared no worse here in Italy when the investigating judge Palermo Aldo Vigneri, all 'beginning of the sixties, the indicted with a dozen other "don" for drug trafficking. Acquitted for lack of evidence, as in the best traditions of the time. A few years earlier - it was on September 16, 1957 - Joe Bananas had returned to Sicily to take part in the big Mafia summit, which was held at the Grand Hotel delle Palme. All the "mammasantissima" of the 'island revered him, there they decided together what would be the "politics" of the Cosa Nostra in the years to come: control the world market of morphine base. (Archive Republic)
The current head of the Bonanno family according to the FBI would be Salvatore Montagna. From Anti-Mafia millennium:
Mountain is a Canadian citizen, having been born in Montreal 38 years ago, but its origins are of Castellammare del Golfo, the birthplace of former godfather Joseph "Joe" Bonanno, what would be the heir. The first time that you spoke of Montagna was in 2006, when he arrived in Italy to return to his country of origin. A transition is said obliged, on his return to the U.S. because he, bringing near the consent of mammasantissima Sicilian, would become the new "Godfather", after former boss Joseph Massino was convicted and became associate justice, and after conviction imprisonment of his presumed successor, Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano.
A mob that American did not give his origins. Castellammare were the most powerful mafia bosses United States, beginning with the Joseph Bonanno that inspired Mario Puzo's book on the 'godfather'. In Castellammare del Golfo told the repentant Nino Giuffre picciotti Americans were to "learn the trade" or were those of Castellammare who went to the U.S. to "coach" picciotti.
Of course in America there is a rule that within Cosa Nostra continues to be respected, and that is that to become "godparents" must be natives of Sicily, or the children of Sicilian parents, even better then if you are in Castellammare del Golfo. "Cosa Nostra - said at the time the deputy superintendent and head of Mobile in Trapani Giuseppe Linares, on the sidelines of a press conference after an anti-mafia raids (Operation Storm) Castellammarese right in - it's like a phoenix: always rises from the ashes» .
"There are specific intelligence reports - reports became an Italian security expert in America, Antonio Nicaso - confirm that as a result of feuds and mafia wars and especially after the scompaginamenti determined by arrests and convictions, the Mafia has decided to rely in Mountain, a new man. "How powerful the clan Castellammarese can be deduced from a history of the 90s, when he took refuge in Castellammare a drug trafficker still super sophisticated, Saro Naimo," a powerful man, "said Toto Riina was "more powerful than the President of the United States»
But let's step back and the other returning to the Genovese family boss believed to be the founder of the American Cosa Nostra. Lucky Luciano had about 300 "men of honor" and dozens of members under his command. He had appointed his deputy Vito Genovese and Frank Costello as a counselor of the family.
The gang with his illegal activities - extortion, gambling, gambling, construction, procurement unions, usury, prostitution, money laundering, counterfeiting of banknotes, drug trafficking - expanded not only in the State of New York, but also in California Florida, Connecticut, Nevada and Cuba
In 1937, Luciano was arrested and sentenced to cha ranged from 30 to 50 years and appointed regent of the family before Vito Genovese and then - when he was forced to go into hiding (in Italy) accused of murder - Frank Costello, nicknamed the "prime Minister of the Underworld" for his contacts with the sphere of politics, the judiciary and entrepreneurship.
With the approval of Luciano and Costello along with other bosses financed the construction of the first casino in Las Vegas. The operations were entrusted to Meyer Lansky, unofficial advisor of the family and one of the men of greater confidence Luciano, and Bugsy Siegel.
In 1946, Luciano was deported from the United States and deported to Italy. Costello then became the official boss of the Genovese family. But, again in 1946, Genovese was extradited to America for trial.
With the elimination of potential witnesses and the corruption of some judges, Genovese was acquitted of murder. At that point he had only one goal: to kill Costello and regain control of the family.
In 1957, allied with Carlo Gambino and Gaetano Lucchese, to organize the murder of Albert Anastasia, boss of the Mangano family and powerful ally of Costello. With the death of Anastasia and the withdrawal from the mafia activities of some of the most loyal "capidecina" Costello, Genovese decided to eliminate Costello.
On the evening of May 2, 1957, while he was returning to his apartment with his wife, Frank Costello was shot in the head by a gunshot exploded from a killer Genovese.
The idea was developed just by Luciano and Maranzano, but the boss of bosses was then betrayed and murdered and Luciano at age 34 he had become the head of one of the Five Families of New York.
In those days in the country were killed from thirty to forty old mafia leader. The new guard had taken over. The "union" was formed by the New York Mafia families and the main families of the rest of the nation.
A committee to audit the activities mafia, a place for resolving conflict, but also of dark plots, collusions, betrayals. Today the Commission shows the 5 families of New York, the more the family De Cavalcante, the Chicago Outfit, the family patriarch, the Scarfo family. From Gnosis:
Since Luciano established the first precedent, the mobsters who worked freely and in close contact with criminals and other ethnic groups and nationalities. Through traditional methods of maintaining the mafia leadership and discipline, the mafia criminal enterprises associated with criminals not Italian, they were able to put them in line. The mafiosi who had entered the era of prohibition with criminal activity limited to the Italian community, acting individually or in small groups, they found themselves at the end of Prohibition, meeting activities on a large scale, even in areas outside the Italian community, in collaboration with gangsters and criminal groups of other nationalities.
With the death of Maranzano, the strong man, the leader of castellammaresi had become Joe Bananas Bonanno (pictured) in the homonymous family had incorporated most of the former subordinates of Maranzano.
Joe Bananas, the boss who gave you the politicians and judges, and business shared power with the other four New York families: Genovese, Gambino, Colombo, Lucchese.
The interests of the Bonanno ranging from traditional criminal activities of gangs, to the clothing industry, through the food factories and undertakers.
It would have been just Bonanno to devise a way to get rid of the corpses known as "double coffin" to hide the body was hidden under a client's funeral home.
When in the 60s, Bonanno began to expand its activities in Arizona and California in the other families began in alarm, and soon there were contrasts and implications. From Narcomafie:
At the reception for the wedding of his son Salvatore and Rosalie Profaci, also the daughter of the boss, at the Hotel Astor in Manhattan there are three thousand people, including businessmen, politicians, clergymen, the editor of the newspaper Il Progresso Italo-Americano and many others. In August of '57 is in Italy for the opening of an orphanage in Sicily. Fiumicino airport received a triumphal welcome: there is also Bernardo Mattarella, he Castellammarese, Democrat and several times minister. Only in the 60s' begins its decline as a result of the revelations in Joe Valachi. Condemned by the Board of Cosa Nostra, Bonanno disappears simulating a kidnapping (31 October 1964). When the waters subside retired in Tucson, Arizona on the border with Mexico to die many years later in his bed on 11 May 2002.
Valachi was the first, in 1963, to speak publicly about the existence of the American Cosa Nostra. After telling everything to Senator John McLellan and his commission of inquiry against organized crime, published a book ("Valachi Papers"), which became a best seller.
Bonanno was later accused of plotting behind the Commission and to desire the death of some of the other families including bosses Carlo Gambino and Gaetano Lucchese. In 1964, after a mysterious escape, disguised as a kidnapping, he agreed to withdraw, to hand over the management of the family business of the Commission (for a turnover of approximately U.S. $ 2 billion per year) and moving to another country.
The boss would then secretly left the States and would have been a bit 'of time in North Africa, Tunis, and then to Haiti, before returning In the United States, in Tucson.
Joe Bananas remained quiet until 1965, when his son Salvatore, suffered an assassination attempt. Who could have an attempt on his life? The boss Castellammarese had no doubt about it: Paul Sciacca, who had replaced him at the behest of the Commission at the head of the family.
Thus began the so-called "war of Joe Bananas" Bonanno family which divided into two branches, one which supported Joseph Bonanno and the other under the command of Paul Sciacca. Shortly after it was Bonanno suffered a heart attack and retired from the scene. He died in Tucson in 2002 and was never convicted of serious crimes.
The 'man who despised the most in his life he was known as "Caco" and had a reputation at the end of 1963. Actually his name was Joe Valachi and for two months shook the American Cosa Nostra, from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific . (...) The more angry with "Caco" was just that if Joseph 'had grown almost as a son, that' he had honored with his friendship, which had offered him protection and especially dollars. A generosity reciprocated evil with a "cantata" unprecedented on the 5 "families" and in particular about him about Joseph Joseph Bonanno said Joe Bananas. It was then that the whole 'America knew of that' man d 'Affairs of Italian origin who lived in Brooklyn. He was the boss of bosses.
The mess with Joe Masseria, Lucky Luciano and the competition of Joseph Profaci (boss of the Colombo family, ed), the first money earned with racketeering and invested in the real estate market, the climb to the summit of the American Cosa Nostra. In thirty years' criminal activity in America was convicted only once, and as a textile entrepreneur: a fine of $ 40 for a violation of labor law. He fared no worse here in Italy when the investigating judge Palermo Aldo Vigneri, all 'beginning of the sixties, the indicted with a dozen other "don" for drug trafficking. Acquitted for lack of evidence, as in the best traditions of the time. A few years earlier - it was on September 16, 1957 - Joe Bananas had returned to Sicily to take part in the big Mafia summit, which was held at the Grand Hotel delle Palme. All the "mammasantissima" of the 'island revered him, there they decided together what would be the "politics" of the Cosa Nostra in the years to come: control the world market of morphine base. (Archive Republic)
The current head of the Bonanno family according to the FBI would be Salvatore Montagna. From Anti-Mafia millennium:
Mountain is a Canadian citizen, having been born in Montreal 38 years ago, but its origins are of Castellammare del Golfo, the birthplace of former godfather Joseph "Joe" Bonanno, what would be the heir. The first time that you spoke of Montagna was in 2006, when he arrived in Italy to return to his country of origin. A transition is said obliged, on his return to the U.S. because he, bringing near the consent of mammasantissima Sicilian, would become the new "Godfather", after former boss Joseph Massino was convicted and became associate justice, and after conviction imprisonment of his presumed successor, Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano.
A mob that American did not give his origins. Castellammare were the most powerful mafia bosses United States, beginning with the Joseph Bonanno that inspired Mario Puzo's book on the 'godfather'. In Castellammare del Golfo told the repentant Nino Giuffre picciotti Americans were to "learn the trade" or were those of Castellammare who went to the U.S. to "coach" picciotti.
Of course in America there is a rule that within Cosa Nostra continues to be respected, and that is that to become "godparents" must be natives of Sicily, or the children of Sicilian parents, even better then if you are in Castellammare del Golfo. "Cosa Nostra - said at the time the deputy superintendent and head of Mobile in Trapani Giuseppe Linares, on the sidelines of a press conference after an anti-mafia raids (Operation Storm) Castellammarese right in - it's like a phoenix: always rises from the ashes» .
"There are specific intelligence reports - reports became an Italian security expert in America, Antonio Nicaso - confirm that as a result of feuds and mafia wars and especially after the scompaginamenti determined by arrests and convictions, the Mafia has decided to rely in Mountain, a new man. "How powerful the clan Castellammarese can be deduced from a history of the 90s, when he took refuge in Castellammare a drug trafficker still super sophisticated, Saro Naimo," a powerful man, "said Toto Riina was "more powerful than the President of the United States»
But let's step back and the other returning to the Genovese family boss believed to be the founder of the American Cosa Nostra. Lucky Luciano had about 300 "men of honor" and dozens of members under his command. He had appointed his deputy Vito Genovese and Frank Costello as a counselor of the family.
The gang with his illegal activities - extortion, gambling, gambling, construction, procurement unions, usury, prostitution, money laundering, counterfeiting of banknotes, drug trafficking - expanded not only in the State of New York, but also in California Florida, Connecticut, Nevada and Cuba
In 1937, Luciano was arrested and sentenced to cha ranged from 30 to 50 years and appointed regent of the family before Vito Genovese and then - when he was forced to go into hiding (in Italy) accused of murder - Frank Costello, nicknamed the "prime Minister of the Underworld" for his contacts with the sphere of politics, the judiciary and entrepreneurship.
With the approval of Luciano and Costello along with other bosses financed the construction of the first casino in Las Vegas. The operations were entrusted to Meyer Lansky, unofficial advisor of the family and one of the men of greater confidence Luciano, and Bugsy Siegel.
In 1946, Luciano was deported from the United States and deported to Italy. Costello then became the official boss of the Genovese family. But, again in 1946, Genovese was extradited to America for trial.
With the elimination of potential witnesses and the corruption of some judges, Genovese was acquitted of murder. At that point he had only one goal: to kill Costello and regain control of the family.
In 1957, allied with Carlo Gambino and Gaetano Lucchese, to organize the murder of Albert Anastasia, boss of the Mangano family and powerful ally of Costello. With the death of Anastasia and the withdrawal from the mafia activities of some of the most loyal "capidecina" Costello, Genovese decided to eliminate Costello.
On the evening of May 2, 1957, while he was returning to his apartment with his wife, Frank Costello was shot in the head by a gunshot exploded from a killer Genovese.
China between development and democracy
China between development and democracy
Thesis of neoliberal thinking is that economic development requires the adoption of liberal values. the
China shows that it is a rule with few, important, except
A widely held theory of neoliberal thinking is that the economic development of any
country necessarily require the adoption of liberal values and political and social systems
consequential.
The economic development of the market economy in China over the past thirty years shows
that it is a rule that enables at least some important exception.
Already in Japan of the Meiji era, and especially between the two world wars, there has been a great process
economic development in a context strongly authoritarian. More recently, another example is
comprising the balance of the Government of Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew, although in this case there
are faced with a very small geographical area.
Someone has also identified a possible analogy between the development of China today and that of the
Brazil sixties: are found in both cases, strong growth, a significant
increase in inequality, a decrease in the levels of poverty in the context of a
common policy framework authoritarian.
The comparison with India, the other major Asian power that is being developed with a regimen
democratic political this time, shows that the Chinese authoritarian model may prove even more
effective with regard to the rhythms of the annual growth.
You may possibly be so agree in general with Amartya Sen when he shows in his writings
probably not as there is a relationship between economic development and too light democracy.
From this point of view, one may question whether the views of those who suggest that one
authoritarian state facilitates the processes of development, both of whom, on the contrary, thinks it's democracy at
make them faster. In the first case, according to this hypothesis, for the reason that a regime
dictatorial would not need to "waste time" in carrying out unpopular reforms or, for
example, would be better able to pay low interest rates to use the resources
necessary to build the infrastructure; in the second, because the democratic system and the government
the law would be better suited to foster the development of globally competitive companies.
If, however, China has not become a democracy and has continued to grow, India
denied the prophecies of many who thought that it would not be able to maintain a
democratic regime, the fact that this would have been impossible in a country that had a
level of poverty and illiteracy so strong, then in the presence of so many languages, cultures, ethnicities,
religions, different castes.
Rather, it seems that the market economy needs to grow, to a certain environment
consolidated legal, at least as regards the economic relations - Law of Obligations,
contracts, business-, an area in which Chinese law, virtually non-existent
during the Maoist period, it is strongly changed since the eighties. It still seems that
is necessary, more in general, a certain "reliability" of the public bureaucratic structures,
thing in China is ensured in various ways, not excluding however the corruption.
It may be, however, doubt that democratic institutions - liberals are needed as
Exported document from www.sbilanciamoci.info 1 3almeno a certain level of economic development, a hypothesis that can be verified only in
a more or less near future.
You could, on the other hand, also remember, knocking in a way the arguments
neo-liberal, the growing contradiction that tends to occur today in developed countries between
hegemony on the very strong company by market economy in a phase
Advanced and operation of representative democracy.
The symptoms of the disease are present everywhere. So, In the United States, among other things, we have
record the presence of the Patriot Act, now several years old, as well as the crisis of
subprime, which has highlighted the dominance of the financial markets on the democratic life of the
country, today finally still the scandals of electronic espionage; Europe, meanwhile, the crisis
the euro has clearly shown how markets and the Brussels bureaucracy to the minimum base
also the most important democratic principles.
Then let us remember, as recently as JPMorgan, sniffing the zeitgeist (Spinelli, 2013), in a
his report of May 28 this year calls to order the democracies of Southern Europe,
weighted by the bank from civil and social rights, the constitutional protections of the rights of
workers, the right to protest if they dislike the proposed changes to the status quo.
"We have seen limited in their enforcement action by the constitution," says a
point the ratio of the bank.
At this point it seems that the model of the system which tend towards the Western countries and China
can also miraculously converge in the coming years.
Towards democracy in China?
You can not say, however, that in the last twenty five years nothing has happened in terms of
levels of political openness of the Chinese regime; in fact, as he wrote at the time Etienne
(Etienne, 2007): "... China has moved from a totalitarian state to an authoritarian system, which ...
continues to soften without excluding the returns of the stick ... ".
Have been developed significantly in recent decades, the freedom of the individual rather
that those policies directly. For example, this occurred for obtaining permits
of residence, mobility abroad, property rights, the dissolution of the control unit
work, or sexual intercourse. They have grown in recent years, the mechanisms of protest, in the form
widely tolerated. At the same time, and more generally, there has been a proliferation of
non-governmental organizations, signals somewhat of a creeping democratization.
It should be mentioned, directly political level, including the system of voting at the village level, which is
was reinforced by a 1998 law and which provides for the election of the head of the committee and
Village elections are held every three years and that the vote is secret, with a number of candidates
greater than the number of persons to be elected. They are known, however, of cases of local elections
"Wild" and the organization of the elections a few times for the popular assembly of
Beijing, they were also chosen independent candidates. Finally, every so often, in
statements by the leadership of the country, occurring openings towards democracy, both
well for a future unspecified.
We must also remember that even in China we are now in the presence of the media that
appear much freer than before, and who can write almost anything; remain prohibited criticism
the central government and the Communist Party. There has been talk recently also the feasibility
to organize free elections of union representatives at the large company Foxconn,
however, while the labor legislation has been softened a few years ago.
For some, the Chinese case, however, may follow, on the political front, the Singapore model
and even more so perhaps than in Taiwan.
Exported document from www.sbilanciamoci.info 2 of 3 In this last case we were actually in front of a one-party totalitarian and disciplined, the
Kuomintang, which ruled in the time a capitalist transformation, with the bodies of
party who had a very important role in managing the economy and of the same
businesses. The country also had an important sector of the state economy. instead of
follow a strategy of privatization of this area, it is instead allowed to non-
state to grow and quickly become a key driver of the economy. They are then
came before the civil rights and then democracy.
However, predict what will happen in terms of democratic rights in the coming years,
in China as from us, it is really a very difficult exercise. Maybe there is more to be feared
Italy for the Asian country.
Thesis of neoliberal thinking is that economic development requires the adoption of liberal values. the
China shows that it is a rule with few, important, except
A widely held theory of neoliberal thinking is that the economic development of any
country necessarily require the adoption of liberal values and political and social systems
consequential.
The economic development of the market economy in China over the past thirty years shows
that it is a rule that enables at least some important exception.
Already in Japan of the Meiji era, and especially between the two world wars, there has been a great process
economic development in a context strongly authoritarian. More recently, another example is
comprising the balance of the Government of Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew, although in this case there
are faced with a very small geographical area.
Someone has also identified a possible analogy between the development of China today and that of the
Brazil sixties: are found in both cases, strong growth, a significant
increase in inequality, a decrease in the levels of poverty in the context of a
common policy framework authoritarian.
The comparison with India, the other major Asian power that is being developed with a regimen
democratic political this time, shows that the Chinese authoritarian model may prove even more
effective with regard to the rhythms of the annual growth.
You may possibly be so agree in general with Amartya Sen when he shows in his writings
probably not as there is a relationship between economic development and too light democracy.
From this point of view, one may question whether the views of those who suggest that one
authoritarian state facilitates the processes of development, both of whom, on the contrary, thinks it's democracy at
make them faster. In the first case, according to this hypothesis, for the reason that a regime
dictatorial would not need to "waste time" in carrying out unpopular reforms or, for
example, would be better able to pay low interest rates to use the resources
necessary to build the infrastructure; in the second, because the democratic system and the government
the law would be better suited to foster the development of globally competitive companies.
If, however, China has not become a democracy and has continued to grow, India
denied the prophecies of many who thought that it would not be able to maintain a
democratic regime, the fact that this would have been impossible in a country that had a
level of poverty and illiteracy so strong, then in the presence of so many languages, cultures, ethnicities,
religions, different castes.
Rather, it seems that the market economy needs to grow, to a certain environment
consolidated legal, at least as regards the economic relations - Law of Obligations,
contracts, business-, an area in which Chinese law, virtually non-existent
during the Maoist period, it is strongly changed since the eighties. It still seems that
is necessary, more in general, a certain "reliability" of the public bureaucratic structures,
thing in China is ensured in various ways, not excluding however the corruption.
It may be, however, doubt that democratic institutions - liberals are needed as
Exported document from www.sbilanciamoci.info 1 3almeno a certain level of economic development, a hypothesis that can be verified only in
a more or less near future.
You could, on the other hand, also remember, knocking in a way the arguments
neo-liberal, the growing contradiction that tends to occur today in developed countries between
hegemony on the very strong company by market economy in a phase
Advanced and operation of representative democracy.
The symptoms of the disease are present everywhere. So, In the United States, among other things, we have
record the presence of the Patriot Act, now several years old, as well as the crisis of
subprime, which has highlighted the dominance of the financial markets on the democratic life of the
country, today finally still the scandals of electronic espionage; Europe, meanwhile, the crisis
the euro has clearly shown how markets and the Brussels bureaucracy to the minimum base
also the most important democratic principles.
Then let us remember, as recently as JPMorgan, sniffing the zeitgeist (Spinelli, 2013), in a
his report of May 28 this year calls to order the democracies of Southern Europe,
weighted by the bank from civil and social rights, the constitutional protections of the rights of
workers, the right to protest if they dislike the proposed changes to the status quo.
"We have seen limited in their enforcement action by the constitution," says a
point the ratio of the bank.
At this point it seems that the model of the system which tend towards the Western countries and China
can also miraculously converge in the coming years.
Towards democracy in China?
You can not say, however, that in the last twenty five years nothing has happened in terms of
levels of political openness of the Chinese regime; in fact, as he wrote at the time Etienne
(Etienne, 2007): "... China has moved from a totalitarian state to an authoritarian system, which ...
continues to soften without excluding the returns of the stick ... ".
Have been developed significantly in recent decades, the freedom of the individual rather
that those policies directly. For example, this occurred for obtaining permits
of residence, mobility abroad, property rights, the dissolution of the control unit
work, or sexual intercourse. They have grown in recent years, the mechanisms of protest, in the form
widely tolerated. At the same time, and more generally, there has been a proliferation of
non-governmental organizations, signals somewhat of a creeping democratization.
It should be mentioned, directly political level, including the system of voting at the village level, which is
was reinforced by a 1998 law and which provides for the election of the head of the committee and
Village elections are held every three years and that the vote is secret, with a number of candidates
greater than the number of persons to be elected. They are known, however, of cases of local elections
"Wild" and the organization of the elections a few times for the popular assembly of
Beijing, they were also chosen independent candidates. Finally, every so often, in
statements by the leadership of the country, occurring openings towards democracy, both
well for a future unspecified.
We must also remember that even in China we are now in the presence of the media that
appear much freer than before, and who can write almost anything; remain prohibited criticism
the central government and the Communist Party. There has been talk recently also the feasibility
to organize free elections of union representatives at the large company Foxconn,
however, while the labor legislation has been softened a few years ago.
For some, the Chinese case, however, may follow, on the political front, the Singapore model
and even more so perhaps than in Taiwan.
Exported document from www.sbilanciamoci.info 2 of 3 In this last case we were actually in front of a one-party totalitarian and disciplined, the
Kuomintang, which ruled in the time a capitalist transformation, with the bodies of
party who had a very important role in managing the economy and of the same
businesses. The country also had an important sector of the state economy. instead of
follow a strategy of privatization of this area, it is instead allowed to non-
state to grow and quickly become a key driver of the economy. They are then
came before the civil rights and then democracy.
However, predict what will happen in terms of democratic rights in the coming years,
in China as from us, it is really a very difficult exercise. Maybe there is more to be feared
Italy for the Asian country.
The Lords of arms
The Lords of Evil. The arms trade moves on the global stage, huge interests in the economic and political. A complex world in which, despite the limits imposed by the laws of the states, controls lacking at the international level. And where backroom deals and corruption thrive easily
Some experts from the universities of Zurich and Bern have expressed their criticism of the Swiss legislation on the export of war material, noting in particular a lack of transparency of end use. A provoke this reaction was mainly the decision to lift the ban on exports of military equipment to Qatar. A ban decided after the discovery that ammunition manufactured by the Swiss company RUAG, initially destined for a country in the Persian Gulf, were later made to transit to Libya. Final recipients rebels fighting the Gaddafi regime. A fact that violate Swiss law on arms trade, in many places very restrictive. You can not, in fact, sell arms to countries involved in armed conflict, a prohibition extended to cases where there is a high risk that exported arms are transferred to a "final recipient side." The law excludes from the sale then the countries that violate "a serious and systematic human rights" and those in which there is a strong likelihood of use of weapons against the civilian population. In short, the Swiss law on arms exports is certainly very stiff, even if it is not so easy to control all the way down the final destination of what you are selling, even in full compliance with current legislation. In 2011, for example, were provided with the consent of the Federal Council, the United Arab Emirates 25 unarmed trainer aircraft Pilatus PC-21. An order of 500 million francs, which has made the Middle Eastern country's biggest trading partner of the Swiss Confederation in the military. A deal that puts some question, however, because the United Arab Emirates are not exactly a democratic state where human rights, as required by our legislation have been complied with to the end. All this makes us understand how the universe of the arms trade is extremely complex and it is not always so easy to decide what is the legal way and what is not. Not to mention the enormous economic and political interests that feed this area, explains Francesco Vignarca coordinator of the Italian Network for Disarmament Affairs (www.disarmo.org) and author of the book The Economics army (Altreconomia, 2011).
Dr. Vignarca, what is the turnover of the arms industry in the world?
"Globally, the various states, to maintain their armies, move approximately 1.7 trillion dollars each year. A figure that has increased significantly in the last ten years, although in 2011, for the first time in a decade, there has been a lull. In this figure does not come only weapons, but also everything you need in an army - uniforms, petrol - but certainly the purchase of weapons systems is one of the most consistent. A striking aspect is that the arms trade continues to operate, has not experienced the crisis in other sectors. Also because it has moved towards new shores "(3).
Which countries?
"Today we are the largest buyers in the Asian countries because they have more money available: India, Pakistan, China itself and then throughout the Middle East. Not only have money, but they are all in the most "hot" in the world. An analysis conducted by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has highlighted how India has become the first in the world for the import of arms (4). Budget problems have forced the other hand, European countries and even the United States to make cuts on military spending. "
What are the major producing countries?
"The production of armaments is always firmly in the hands of the Western countries, the United States, Great Britain. The first twenty-producing industries in the world are, in fact, Westerners. Do you think that just a few years ago more than 80% of the weapons manufactured and sold in the world came from the five countries of the Security Council of the United Nations; This means that whoever has the ball politician has also over the production and trade of armaments. "
Allacciandomi to what he says, then ask how the arms industry and politics are linked. Influence each other or one of them dominates the other actors?
"Historically, states have always had control over industry production of armaments. Today, however, the production of large groups of weapons are not more companies of medium size, almost in control state, but have become international giants that operate on different markets. They are the ones to influence the policies of the states using both a lawful means of pressure, and to those offenses and trying to make sure that their products are purchased gunsmiths. I should mention, in fact, that the arms trade accounts for about 2% of the world total, but is responsible for 45% of corruption in the planet and this is not a matter to be underestimated. The national industries gunsmith put pressure on their governments to be advertised in countries where your product can be purchased. We are thus witnessing the scandal of seeing government officials and ministers, who would have to build the structure of the defense, to go around the exhibitions of weapons to make the salesmen. "
But it is not the job of governments to favor companies that offer work and maybe even innovation to their country?
"First of all, the fact that the war is an industry that provides jobs and economic returns is just an excuse. In Italy, two major industries such as Finmeccanica and Alenia Aermacchi have made enormous pressure on governments to purchase U.S. F35 fighter jets. Before the batch comprised 131 aircraft, now reduced to 90. Estimated expenditure of € 10 billion for the purchase, 30 for the maintenance of aircraft in their life cycle. As a counterpart was told that it is guaranteed 10,000 jobs. Now the calculation is reduced to 2,500 jobs. Now, she would spend 40 billion euro for just 2,500 jobs? I do not think a great deal. As well as when it is said that the war industry returns a large economic return, it says an exaggeration. In Switzerland, the export of war material reached the figure, in 2011, about 870 million Swiss francs. That is only 0.4% of gross domestic product. Let's say that behind the arms market there are returns of prestige, in a sense, especially strategic and economic advantage of the system are not in-country but who does business. This type of industries aim to sell, to bill and together to show that the company sells. In this sense, it is clear that senior managers (...) you to those companies aims to force the government to directly buy and make purchases from other carrier because then there is a direct return in terms of prestige, power, and also remuneration for management. "
From the point of view of return technological experimentation and research of the military have a positive effect on the industry calendar?
"A relapse technology certainly exists. The exact question but it would be: "It is the most effective way to have the same impact? ". Now, when it comes to innovation linked to the military, he usually cites the case of the Internet. The network was born in the fifties and sixties by a military trial, but it has become what it is today and that allows us to work better because in the mid-eighties CERN in Geneva, which is an institution not military but civilian research , has taken over and turned it into the WorldWideWeb. First with the original network you could not even to exchange files or it was done inefficiently. So the point is: if the same investments made available to the military sector were immediately been given to an institution such as CERN or at least to a research institution open, free, the Internet would have been better developed, and before inmaniera more transparent, clear? At the end of course, in front of a large mass of investment, military research also gives some benefit to industry civil. But the game, that is the economic cost, is worth the candle? ".
Each country has its own legislation on the arms trade. But there is a strong control on this market or the rules are made to be circumvented?
"Switzerland has a restrictive national legislation and controls that work, so that is put at the top level of transparency by all analysts. The problem, however, are not national laws. The problem is that these laws are limited by the lack of international legislation applies to all. Based only on national legislation, in fact, no longer works. Worked before, when everyone had as a reference model-France, for which the state directly controlled the armaments industries. With the direct control of the sales arms of the national companies have been sold on the basis of considerations related to strategic or political alliances. Today large companies that produce weapons are big conglomerates who do what they want and operate at a supranational level. So the fact that there is no international legislation incorporating national legislation becomes a problem. For this you are looking for with the international campaign Control Arms (www.controlarms.org) to formulate an international treaty on arms control to be discussed at the United Nations. So the same rules for all controls and equal for all. It can no longer happen, for example, that Finmeccanica, who knows that the British law regarding the export of weapons is less stringent than the Italian one, face to build the final piece of a product in the UK and export in accordance with the laws of England. This can happen today. If there are laws equal for all or a treaty at an international level, with the same controls, which I produce in Italy, France or Switzerland would not change things. "
First he told us that the arms trade is a major producer of corruption. How so?
"Why is not a true market: it is neither open nor transparent. Where there is transparency and control corruption is in some sense mitigated by the fact that there are other actors involved. It is a non-market in which a few big players in terms of production and purchase orders and are not made on the basis of how much good or how useful it is, but in relation to political agreements. In this context, it is easy to put pressure on those who must decide not only putting on the scales strategic reasons of political alliance between states, but also in black money. A market should be open, free, made from various competitors as the world armaments works with contracts and grants; Corruption can take the form of bribe or explicit recognition of compensation income, compensation is often also mentioned in the contracts of purchase and sale. A third possibility, even more insidious, is that in America they call the revolving door: the head of the Pentagon chooses certain weapons, is retiring and two years later he became president or CEO of the company that produces the weapon system purchased by him when he was at the Pentagon. Ultimately these fake market mechanisms lead to an increase in costs, subtract ultimately economic resources to state budgets, resources that could be used for areas such as health and education. Finally, do not just talking about large sums of money but also of "products" problematic. Sell helicopter gunships, machine guns or tanks is not to sell carrots or other goods. "
There is a legal trade of weapons and an illegal market, the so-called arms trafficking. The illegal sale that slice of the market is?
"First you have to take into account that according to estimates by the illegal arms trafficking represents only 5% of the weapons that are transferred around the world; 75% is the legal trade and the remaining approximately 20% is a gray trade, that begins legally and is then triangulated, in the ways I have explained before, illegally. So when we talk about illegal arms trafficking we are not addressing the big problem. There is the smuggling of weapons, there are supplies that can have a matte backgrounds. But behind the large orders, behind the big numbers, the ones that matter, there is always some government agency. "
TAKEN FROM The lords of war
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